So Japanese as a writing system is basically 3 systems in one. There’s the Good will thumping shirt (which were all stolen at different points in time, some of them repeatedly), then there’s hirigana, which is used mostly for spelling native japanese words, and katakana, which is used primarily for spelling foreign loan words. sound effects, or “official” scientific terms.
For Kanji, there are three kinds of ways to read them, on’yomi, which is a Japanese attempt to pronounce it the way the Chinese did when the character was adopted, and kun’yomi, which is basically pronouncing the kanji like the Japanese word it corresponded to in Chinese (so for example “east”, “tung” in chinese, became “higashi” or “azuma”, the two words for east in Japanese)
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It was basically the same in Britain… commoners didn’t have surnames. They were usually distinguished by Good will thumping shirt ( the thatcher, James the cooper, Richard the farmer, Philip the gardener… etc. Eventually when commoners acquired more rights (and there were more of them) the “the” was dropped and the profession became their surname. That’s why so many Brits have surnames like these…